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home to bears and elephants,,along with unique species like giant mammoths(猛犸象).“Inaworld without humans,there would be a much bigger diversity of large mammals,"Dr.Gilbertsaid.They survived climate changes and likely could have survived to the present day were it notfor the pressure humans placed on them.The climate might also be different.Though activities such as the burning on fossil fuels,human beings have a great impact on Earth's climate by raising the average global temperature.Earth,therefore,would have been much cooler without us.However,human beings are not the only intelligent creatures on this planet.There're noreasons why other intelligent animals couldn't have evolved like that eventually,given enoughtime."Removing us might have opened the door for others,"Dr.Gilbert said."Maybe they wouldmake all the same mistakes that we've done.Who knows?"8.How does the author introduce the topic of the passage?A.By telling a joke.B.By giving details.C.By listing problems.D.By raising a question.9.What is the purpose of the underlined word"asteroid"in Paragraph 3?A.To stress the damage humans brought to wildlifeB.To reduce environmental pollution on this planet.C.To praise efforts humans made to shape the world.D.To show high expense of protecting many species10.What can we infer about huge mammals from Dr.Gilbert?A.Their diversity is smaller than beforeB.They added pressure on human beings.C.Their activities caused global warming.D.They disappeared due to climate changes.11.What would happen if human beings were removed according to Dr.Gilbert?A.Dinosaurs might return to this planet.B.There would be no pollution any more.C.Other smart creatures might come to power.D.Intelligent animals would avoid making mistakes.DJust as a hungry brain craves (food,a lonely brain craves people.A new brain studydemonstrates this.After being left alone,it shows people's brains would be activated at the sightof other people.The action was in the same brain region that speeds up when a hungry personsees food.Livia Tomova,a neuroscientist,who studies how the brain produces mental activities,and hercolleagues began this study.They recruited ()40 people.On one day,the participants had tofast-not eat anything at all-for 10 hours.On another day,the same people were placed in aroom for 10 hours.They couldn't see anyone.No friends,no family and no social media.Theyweren't even allowed to check their email.After both days,Tomova and her colleagues put thepeople in a MRI machine.It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing toeach region.At the end of each day,the participants showed high activity in a brain area called themidbrain.The scientists were interested in two,small areas within it.Both areas producedopamine,a chemical that is important in craving and rewards.The two areas activated whenhungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers.After the volunteers had beenisolated,those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed.It might beplaying sports or chatting with friends.The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends.In fact,itresponds to food and social signals even when people aren't hungry or lonely.But hunger andloneliness increased the reactions and made people's responses specific to the thing they weremissing.And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers said they were experiencing,thestronger the activity in this part of the brain.Tomova and her colleagues published their resultsNovember 23 in Nature Neuroscience.12.How does Tomova test out the result of the study?